1. Enzymes are specialized protein molecules facilitating most of the
body's metabolic processes - such as, supplying energy, digesting foods,
purifying your blood, ridding the body of waste products. Enzymes are vital to our
health and change the rate at which chemical reactions happen, but without
any external energy source added or by being changed themselves.
2. Enzymes are proteins that work as biological catalysts.
3. Enzymes are named according to the substrate on which they act. Proteases act on proteins, carbohydrases on carbohydrates and lipases on fats (lipids). The substance that is produced by the reaction is called the product.
4. An enzyme molecule has a depression called its active site, which is exactly the right shape for the substrate to fit into. The enzyme can be thought of as a lock, and the substrate as the key.
5. Reactions catalyzed by enzymes work faster at higher temperatures, up to an optimum that differs for different enzymes. Above the optimum temperature, reaction rate rapidly decreases.
6. At low temperatures, molecules have low kinetic energy, so collisions between enzyme and substrate molecules are infrequent. As temperature rises they collide more frequently, increasing reaction rate.
7. Above the optimum temperature, the vibrations within the enzyme molecule are so great that it begins to lose its shape. The enzyme is said to be denatured. The substrate no longer fits into the active site and the reaction stops.
8. Reactions catalyzed by enzymes work fastest at a particular pH. The optimum pH for most enzymes is around pH7 (neutral), but some have an optimum pH much higher or lower than this.
9. Extremes of pH cause enzyme molecules to lose their shape, so they no longer bind with their substrate.
10. Amylase is found in seeds. When the seed begins to germinate, the amylase is activated and catalyzes the breakdown of insoluble starch to soluble maltose in the seed. The maltose is used by the growing embryo as an energy source and to make cellulose for new cell walls.
11. Biological washing powders contain enzymes, often obtained
from microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. The enzymes break
down proteins or fats on the fabric, forming water-soluble substances that can be
washed away.
12. Pectinase is used to break down cell walls in fruits, making it easier to
extract juice from them.
13. The antibiotic penicillin is made by cultivating the fungus Penicillium in a
fermenter. The fermenter is kept at the correct pH and temperature for the
enzymes of the fungus to work well.
body's metabolic processes - such as, supplying energy, digesting foods,
purifying your blood, ridding the body of waste products. Enzymes are vital to our
health and change the rate at which chemical reactions happen, but without
any external energy source added or by being changed themselves.
2. Enzymes are proteins that work as biological catalysts.
3. Enzymes are named according to the substrate on which they act. Proteases act on proteins, carbohydrases on carbohydrates and lipases on fats (lipids). The substance that is produced by the reaction is called the product.
4. An enzyme molecule has a depression called its active site, which is exactly the right shape for the substrate to fit into. The enzyme can be thought of as a lock, and the substrate as the key.
5. Reactions catalyzed by enzymes work faster at higher temperatures, up to an optimum that differs for different enzymes. Above the optimum temperature, reaction rate rapidly decreases.
6. At low temperatures, molecules have low kinetic energy, so collisions between enzyme and substrate molecules are infrequent. As temperature rises they collide more frequently, increasing reaction rate.
7. Above the optimum temperature, the vibrations within the enzyme molecule are so great that it begins to lose its shape. The enzyme is said to be denatured. The substrate no longer fits into the active site and the reaction stops.
8. Reactions catalyzed by enzymes work fastest at a particular pH. The optimum pH for most enzymes is around pH7 (neutral), but some have an optimum pH much higher or lower than this.
9. Extremes of pH cause enzyme molecules to lose their shape, so they no longer bind with their substrate.
10. Amylase is found in seeds. When the seed begins to germinate, the amylase is activated and catalyzes the breakdown of insoluble starch to soluble maltose in the seed. The maltose is used by the growing embryo as an energy source and to make cellulose for new cell walls.
11. Biological washing powders contain enzymes, often obtained
from microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. The enzymes break
down proteins or fats on the fabric, forming water-soluble substances that can be
washed away.
12. Pectinase is used to break down cell walls in fruits, making it easier to
extract juice from them.
13. The antibiotic penicillin is made by cultivating the fungus Penicillium in a
fermenter. The fermenter is kept at the correct pH and temperature for the
enzymes of the fungus to work well.
14. Enzymes are two types, Builders and Breakers.
Builder enzymes do the opposite of breaker enzymes.
Breakers break large molecules into smaller simpler
ones, builders combine smaller ones to make large
molecules.
Breaker enzymes are used in the digestive system to
break down large insoluble molecules into simpler
soluble ones to be used by the body. They are also
present in cells that respire to break down sugars and
oxygen into carbon dioxide, water and energy. Builder
enzymes are present in plants to be used in
photosynthesis, the opposite of respiration, in
photosynthesis, oxygen and water are combined
together to form carbon dioxide and sugars.
Naming enzymes depends on the substrate they work
on. For example:
The sucrase enzyme works on sucrose.
The maltase enzyme works on maltose.
Enzymes are reusable and are only affected by the
change in temperature and pH.
http://www.raphaeludo.blogspot.com
Builder enzymes do the opposite of breaker enzymes.
Breakers break large molecules into smaller simpler
ones, builders combine smaller ones to make large
molecules.
Breaker enzymes are used in the digestive system to
break down large insoluble molecules into simpler
soluble ones to be used by the body. They are also
present in cells that respire to break down sugars and
oxygen into carbon dioxide, water and energy. Builder
enzymes are present in plants to be used in
photosynthesis, the opposite of respiration, in
photosynthesis, oxygen and water are combined
together to form carbon dioxide and sugars.
Naming enzymes depends on the substrate they work
on. For example:
The sucrase enzyme works on sucrose.
The maltase enzyme works on maltose.
Enzymes are reusable and are only affected by the
change in temperature and pH.
http://www.raphaeludo.blogspot.com
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